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<title>Indian python</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian python</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese python</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "rock python", see <a href="Rock_python_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rock python (disambiguation)">Rock python</a>.</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Indian python

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Near <a href="Nagarhole_National_Park" title="Nagarhole National Park">Nagarhole National Park</a>

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<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>

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<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><br><a href="Near_Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Threatened">Near Threatened</a> <small> (<a href="IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class=" taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Snake" title="Snake">Serpentes</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">Pythonidae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td><a href="Python_(genus)" title="Python (genus)"><i>Python</i></a>

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<td>Species:

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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. molurus</b></i></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Python molurus</i></span></b><br><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Linaeus1758_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linaeus1758-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution of Indian python

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a>

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<ul><li><i>Boa molura</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</span></li>

<li><i>Boa ordinata</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Johann_Gottlob_Schneider" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottlob Schneider">Schneider</a>, 1801</span></li>

<li><i>Boa cinerae</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Schneider, 1801</span></li>

<li><i>Boa castanea</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Schneider, 1801</span></li>

<li><i>Boa albicans</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Schneider, 1801</span></li>

<li><i>Boa orbiculata</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Schneider, 1801</span></li>

<li><i>Coluber boaeformis</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="George_Shaw_(biologist)" title="George Shaw (biologist)">Shaw</a>, 1802</span></li>

<li><i>Python bora</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Daudin" title="François Marie Daudin">Daudin</a>, 1803</span></li>

<li><i>Python tigris</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Daudin, 1803</span></li>

<li><i>Python ordinatus</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Daudin, 1803</span></li>

<li><i>Python javanicus</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Heinrich_Kuhl" title="Heinrich Kuhl">Kuhl</a>, 1820</span></li>

<li><i>Python jamesonii</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1842</span></li>

<li><i>Python</i> (<i>Asterophis</i>) <i>tigris</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Leopold_Fitzinger" title="Leopold Fitzinger">Fitzinger</a>, 1843</span></li></ul>

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<p>The <b>Indian python</b> (<i><b>Python molurus</b></i>) is a large <a href="Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">python</a> species native to tropical and subtropical regions of the <a href="Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McD99_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McD99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known by the common names <b>black-tailed python</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dit33_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dit33-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Indian rock python</b>, and <b>Asian rock python</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walls_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walls-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Shea_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Shea-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although smaller than its close relative the <a href="Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese python</a>, it is still among the <a href="List_of_largest_snakes" title="List of largest snakes">largest snakes in the world</a>. It is generally lighter colored than the Burmese python and reaches usually 3 m (9 ft 10 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Nat.Hist.Soc.1912_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nat.Hist.Soc.1912-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all pythons, it is nonvenomous.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>The rock python's color pattern is whitish or yellowish with the blotched patterns varying from tan to dark brown shades. This varies with terrain and habitat. Specimens from the hill forests of <a href="Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> and <a href="Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> are darker, while those from the <a href="Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> and <a href="Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a> are usually lighter.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All pythons are non-venomous.

</p><p>The <a href="Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate subspecies</a> occurring in India typically grows to 3 m (9 ft 10 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Nat.Hist.Soc.1912_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nat.Hist.Soc.1912-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This value is supported by a 1990 study in <a href="Keoladeo_National_Park" title="Keoladeo National Park">Keoladeo National Park</a>, where 25% of the python population was 2.7–3.3 m (8 ft 10 in – 10 ft 10 in) long. Two individuals even measured nearly 3.6 m (11 ft 10 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Nat.Hist.Soc.1990_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nat.Hist.Soc.1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Because of confusion with the Burmese python, exaggerations, and stretched skins in the past, the maximum length of this subspecies is difficult to tell. The longest scientifically recorded specimen, collected in Pakistan, was 4.6 m (15 ft 1 in) long and weighed 52 kg (114 lb 10 oz). In Pakistan, Indian pythons commonly reach a length of 2.4–3.0 m (7 ft 10 in – 9 ft 10 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Minton_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minton-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Indian python differs from the <a href="Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese python</a> (<i>Python bivittatus</i>) in the following ways:

</p>

<ul><li>the presence of light "eyes" in the centers of spots located on the sides of the trunk</li>

<li>reddish or pinkish color of light stripes on the sides of the head</li>

<li>a diamond-shaped spot on the head blurred in the front part</li>

<li>usually lighter in color, dominated by brown, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown and grayish-brown tones</li>

<li>usually prefers a drier, more arid environment, unlike <i>P. bivittatus</i>, which inhabits moist, meadow environments<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div>

<p>The Indian python occurs in nearly all of the <a href="Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a> south of the <a href="Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, including southern <a href="Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, southeastern <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, and probably in northern <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker04_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker04-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lives in a wide range of habitats, including grasslands, swamps, marshes, rocky foothills, woodlands, open forest, and river valleys. It needs a reliable source of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Meh87_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meh87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It hides in abandoned mammal burrows, hollow trees, dense water reeds, and mangrove thickets.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2></div>

<p>Lethargic and slow moving even in their native habitat, they exhibit timidity and rarely try to attack even when attacked. Locomotion is usually with the body moving in a straight line, by "walking on its ribs". They are excellent swimmers and are quite at home in water. They can be wholly submerged in water for many minutes if necessary, but usually prefer to remain near the bank.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3></div>

<p>Like all snakes, Indian pythons are strict carnivores and feed on mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians indiscriminately, but seem to prefer mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roused to activity on sighting prey, the snake advances with a quivering tail and lunges with an open mouth. Live prey is constricted and killed. One or two coils are used to hold it in a tight grip. The prey, unable to breathe, succumbs and is subsequently swallowed head first. After a heavy meal, they are disinclined to move. If forced to, hard parts of the meal may tear through the body. Therefore, if disturbed, some specimens disgorge their meal to escape from potential predators. After a heavy meal, an individual may fast for weeks, the longest recorded duration being 2 years. The python can swallow prey bigger than its diameter because its jaw bones are not connected. Moreover, prey cannot escape from its mouth because of the arrangement of the teeth (which are reverse saw-like).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div>

<p><a href="Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">Oviparous</a>, up to 100 eggs are laid by a female, which she protects and incubates.<sup id="cite_ref-Meh87_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meh87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards this end, they are capable of raising their body temperature above the ambient level through muscular contractions.<sup id="cite_ref-Vic66_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vic66-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hatchlings are 45–60 cm (18–24 in) in length and grow quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-Meh87_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meh87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An artificial incubation method using climate-controlled environmental chambers was developed in India for successfully raising hatchlings from abandoned or unattended eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2></div>

<p>The Indian python is classified as <a href="Near_Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Threatened">Near Threatened</a> on the <a href="IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> due to a likely population decline of ~30% over the decade 2010–2020, caused by habitat loss, over-exploitation, and lack of conservation actions.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A genetic study published in 2017 showed that the <a href="Burmese_pythons_in_Florida" title="Burmese pythons in Florida">Burmese pythons in Florida</a> are hybrids with <i>P. molurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>

<p>In the literature, one other subspecies is encountered: <i>P. m. pimbura</i> <a href="Paules_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala" class="mw-redirect" title="Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala">Deraniyagala</a>, 1945, which is found in <a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.

</p><p>The <a href="Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese python</a> (<i>P. bivittatus</i>) was referred to as a subspecies of the Indian python until 2009, when it was elevated to full species status.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Python molurus bivittatus</i> is found in older literature.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div>

<p><a href="Kaa" title="Kaa">Kaa</a>, a large and old Indian python, is featured as one of Mowgli's mentors in <a href="Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s 1894 collection <i><a href="The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAengals,_A.Das,_A.Mohapatra,_P.Srinivasulu,_C.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Aengals, A.; Das, A.; Mohapatra, P.; Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, B.; Shankar, G. & Murthy, B.H.C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/58894358/1945283">"<i>Python molurus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2021</b>: e.T58894358A1945283<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Linaeus1758-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linaeus1758_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1">Linnaeus, C. (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carolilinnisys00linn/page/225">"<i>Coluber molurus</i>"</a>. <i>Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i>. Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 225.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-McD99-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McD99_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcDiarmidCampbellTouré1999" class="citation book cs1">McDiarmid, R. W.; Campbell, J. A.; Touré, T. (1999). "<i>Python</i>". <i>Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Volume 1</i>. Washington, DC: Herpetologists' League. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1893777014</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dit33-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dit33_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDitmars,_R._L.1933" class="citation book cs1">Ditmars, R. L. (1933). <i>Reptiles of the World</i> (Revised ed.). The MacMillan Company.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Walls-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walls_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalls,_J._G.1998" class="citation book cs1">Walls, J. G. (1998). <i>The Living Pythons</i>. T. F. H. Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>142. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7938-0467-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-O'Shea-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Shea_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shea,_M.2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Shea, M. (2007). <i>Boas and Pythons of the World</i>. New Holland Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>87. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84537-544-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nat.Hist.Soc.1912-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nat.Hist.Soc.1912_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nat.Hist.Soc.1912_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWall1912" class="citation journal cs1">Wall, F. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populartreatiseo00wall">"A popular treatise on the common Indian snakes – The Indian Python"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>21</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populartreatiseo00wall/page/447">447</a>–476.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Whitaker-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker,_R.2006" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, R. (2006). <i>Common Indian Snakes – A Field Guide</i> (revised ed.). The Macmillan Company of India Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>9. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781403929556</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nat.Hist.Soc.1990-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nat.Hist.Soc.1990_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBhupathy1990" class="citation journal cs1">Bhupathy, S. (1990). "Blotch structure in individual identification of the Indian Python (<i>Python molurus molurus</i>) and its possible usage in population estimation". <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>87</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">399–</span>404.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Minton-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minton_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMinton1966" class="citation journal cs1">Minton, S. A. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/1129">"A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</i>. <b>134</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>118. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F1129">2246/1129</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.markoshea.info/oba3-2_india01.php">Mark O'Shea — The quest species — Indian rock python & Burmese rock python</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Whitaker04-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker04_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker,_R.Captain,_A.2004" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, R.; Captain, A. (2004). <i>Snakes of India. The field guide</i>. Chennai, India: Draco Books. pp. 3, 12, <span class="nowrap">78–</span>81. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>81-901873-0-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Meh87-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meh87_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meh87_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meh87_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMehrtens,_J._M.1987" class="citation book cs1">Mehrtens, J. M. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingsnakesofwo00mehr"><i>Living Snakes of the World in Color</i></a></span>. New York: Sterling Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8069-6460-X</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Python_molurus/">"Python molurus (Indian Python)"</a>. <i><a href="Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">Animal Diversity Web</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Vic66-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vic66_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHutchisonDowlingVinegar1966" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchison, V. H.; Dowling, H. G. & Vinegar, A. (1966). "Thermoregulation in a Brooding Female Indian Python, <i>Python molurus bivittatus</i>". <i><a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>151</b> (3711): <span class="nowrap">694–</span>695. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966Sci...151..694H">1966Sci...151..694H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.151.3711.694">10.1126/science.151.3711.694</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5908075">5908075</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45839432">45839432</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBalakrishnanSajeevBindu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Balakrishnan, P-; Sajeev, T.V.; Bindu, T.N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180827220044/http://www.tropicalecology.in/pdf/Python%20molurus_incubation_Peroth%20Balakrishnan%20et%20al_Reptile%20Rap%202010.pdf">"Artificial incubation, hatching and release of the Indian Rock Python <i>Python molurus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758), in Nilambur, Kerala"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Reptile Rap</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">24–</span>27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicalecology.in/pdf/Python%20molurus_incubation_Peroth%20Balakrishnan%20et%20al_Reptile%20Rap%202010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHunterJohnsonSmithDavis2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, Margaret E.; Johnson, Nathan A.; Smith, Brian J.; Davis, Michelle C.; Butterfield, John S. S.; Snow, Ray W.; Hart, Kristen M. (2017-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6157680">"Cytonuclear discordance in the Florida Everglades invasive Burmese python (<i>Python bivittatus</i>) population reveals possible hybridization with the Indian python (<i>P. molurus</i>)"</a>. <i>Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>8</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">9034–</span>9047. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.4423">10.1002/ece3.4423</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6157680">6157680</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30271564">30271564</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsAuliyaBöhme2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, H.J.; Auliya, M.; Böhme, W. (2009). "On the taxonomy of the Burmese Python, <i>Python molurus bivittatus</i> KUHL, 1820, specifically on the Sulawesi population". <i>Sauria</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>11.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker_R.1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Romulus_Whitaker" title="Romulus Whitaker">Whitaker R.</a> (1978). <i>Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide</i>. Macmillan India Limited.</cite></li>

<li>Daniel, JC. The Book Of Indian Snakes and Reptiles. Bombay Natural History Society</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Python&species=molurus"><i>Python molurus</i></a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/">Reptarium.cz Reptile Database</a>. Accessed 13 September 2007.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611182948/http://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/snakes/indian_python.htm">Indian Python</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecologyasia.com/">Ecology Asia</a>. Accessed 13 September 2007.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animalpicturesarchive.com/list.php?qry=Indian%20python">Indian python</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504063352/http://animalpicturesarchive.com/list.php?qry=Indian%20python">Archived</a> 2012-05-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animalpicturesarchive.com/">Animal Pictures Archive</a>. Accessed 13 September 2007.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Python_molurus">Watch Indian rock python (<i>Python molurus</i>) video clips from the BBC archive on Wildlife Finder</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Family_Pythonidae264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">Pythonidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Antaresia" title="Antaresia">Antaresia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Children's_python" title="Children's python">Antaresia childreni</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Spotted_python" title="Spotted python">Antaresia maculosa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pygmy_python" title="Pygmy python">Antaresia perthensis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Apodora" title="Apodora">Apodora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Apodora" title="Apodora">Apodora papuana</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Aspidites" title="Aspidites">Aspidites</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Black-headed_python" title="Black-headed python">Aspidites melanocephalus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Woma_python" title="Woma python">Aspidites ramsayi</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Bismarck_ringed_python" title="Bismarck ringed python">Bothrochilus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Bismarck_ringed_python" title="Bismarck ringed python">Bothrochilus boa</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Leiopython" title="Leiopython">Leiopython</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="D'Albertis_python" title="D'Albertis python">Leiopython albertisii</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Leiopython_biakensis" title="Leiopython biakensis">Leiopython biakensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Leiopython_fredparkeri" title="Leiopython fredparkeri">Leiopython fredparkeri</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Liasis" title="Liasis">Liasis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Water_python" title="Water python">Liasis fuscus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Liasis_mackloti" title="Liasis mackloti">Liasis mackloti</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Olive_python" title="Olive python">Liasis olivaceus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Malayopython" title="Malayopython">Malayopython</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Reticulated_python" title="Reticulated python">Malayopython reticulatus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Timor_python" title="Timor python">Malayopython timoriensis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Morelia_(snake)" title="Morelia (snake)">Morelia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Morelia_azurea" title="Morelia azurea">Morelia azurea</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Morelia_bredli" title="Morelia bredli">Morelia bredli</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Morelia_carinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Morelia carinata">Morelia carinata</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Morelia_imbricata" title="Morelia imbricata">Morelia imbricata</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Morelia_spilota" title="Morelia spilota">Morelia spilota</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Green_tree_python" title="Green tree python">Morelia viridis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Nyctophilopython" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctophilopython">Nyctophilopython</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Oenpelli_python" title="Oenpelli python">Nyctophilopython oenpelliensis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Python_(genus)" title="Python (genus)">Python</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Python_anchietae" title="Python anchietae">Python anchietae</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Python bivittatus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Borneo_python" title="Borneo python">Python breitensteini</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Python_brongersmai" title="Python brongersmai">Python brongersmai</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sumatran_short-tailed_python" title="Sumatran short-tailed python">Python curtus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Python_kyaiktiyo" title="Python kyaiktiyo">Python kyaiktiyo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Southern_African_rock_python" title="Southern African rock python">Python natalensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ball_python" title="Ball python">Python regius</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Central_African_rock_python" title="Central African rock python">Python sebae</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Simalia" title="Simalia">Simalia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Amethystine_python" title="Amethystine python">Simalia amethistina</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Simalia_boeleni" title="Simalia boeleni">Simalia boeleni</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Simalia_clastolepis" title="Simalia clastolepis">Simalia clastolepis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australian_scrub_python" title="Australian scrub python">Simalia kinghorni</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Simalia_nauta" title="Simalia nauta">Simalia nauta</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Simalia_tracyae" title="Simalia tracyae">Simalia tracyae</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3399" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3399" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Python molurus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245183" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q245183">Q245183</a></span></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Python_molurus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Python molurus">Python molurus</a></span></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id58466">58466</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/32150">32150</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10867623">10867623</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.785417/">2.785417</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/102746/">102746</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=489098">489098</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">RD</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DPython%26species%3Dmolurus">molurus</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/4236">4236</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Taxonomicon: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=49848">49848</a></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Coluber molurus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109522122" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q109522122">Q109522122</a></span></span></span></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata644" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata644" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064996">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543292105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/3aa977c6-c593-44fb-834f-076c48040d9c">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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